{"id":4993,"date":"2019-02-27T12:08:13","date_gmt":"2019-02-27T16:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/?p=4993"},"modified":"2024-02-16T17:01:11","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T21:01:11","slug":"aux-origines-des-communautes-noires-du-quebec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/fr\/actualites\/aux-origines-des-communautes-noires-du-quebec\/","title":{"rendered":"Aux origines des communaut\u00e9s noires du Qu\u00e9bec"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les communaut\u00e9s noires au Qu\u00e9bec recouvrent une infinit\u00e9 de parcours, de profils socio-\u00e9conomiques et migratoires fort distincts les uns des autres. Depuis l\u2019introduction de l\u2019esclavage en Nouvelle-France, en 1628, la pr\u00e9sence des Noirs au Qu\u00e9bec jalonne la construction de la province jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ses fondements.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pourtant, cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9 se heurte \u00e0 une autre perception de l\u2019histoire. \u00ab\u2009La population en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral est convaincue que les Noirs sont les plus r\u00e9cents immigrants\u2009\u00bb, explique l\u2019auteure Dorothy W. Williams, dans son ouvrage Les Noirs \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al.<\/em>Une m\u00e9connaissance qu\u2019elle explique par une \u00ab\u2009volont\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e et syst\u00e9matique de masquer la pr\u00e9sence des Noirs dans ce pays\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Petite-Bourgogne et s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation territoriale<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Le quartier de la Petite-Bourgogne \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al est illustratif d\u2019un des pans de cette histoire. C\u2019est ici que des communaut\u00e9s noires anglophones s\u2019\u00e9tablissent, d\u00e8s 1897, attir\u00e9es par les emplois qu\u2019offre alors l\u2019industrie ferroviaire. Situ\u00e9 \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des lignes de chemins de fers qui relient Montr\u00e9al \u00e0 New York, Toronto ou Chicago, le quartier surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u2009West-End\u2009\u00bb propose des loyers relativement abordables pour cette nouvelle main-d\u2019\u0153uvre. Les habitants, venus des \u00c9tats-Unis, des Maritimes, d\u2019Ontario et des Antilles, occupent essentiellement des postes de porteurs \u00e0 bord des trains, un des seuls emplois accessibles pour les Noirs.<\/p>\n

Union United Church, premi\u00e8re \u00e9glise noire \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al. Cr\u00e9dit : Archives de Montr\u00e9al<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans les ann\u00e9es vingt, le quartier regroupe 90 % des r\u00e9sidents afrodescendants de Montr\u00e9al. Fortement discrimin\u00e9s, ils mettent sur pied de nombreuses organisations \u00e0 vocation sociale. Le Colored Women\u2019s Club<\/em>, premier club f\u00e9minin au Canada, est cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1902, suivi en 1907 par l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de l\u2019Union United Church<\/em>, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9glise noire \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, fond\u00e9e en r\u00e9action \u00e0 l\u2019animosit\u00e9 exprim\u00e9e par les fid\u00e8les des \u00e9glises blanches.<\/p>\n

Le quartier devient aussi le berceau de la musique jazz au Canada. \u00ab\u2009Dans les ann\u00e9es vingt, trente, raconte Michael Farkas, directeur de la Maison des jeunes de la Petite-Bourgogne, Montr\u00e9al c\u2019est le Paris de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord. Les gens viennent pour avoir du fun la nuit. Beaucoup de clubs jouxtent le quartier et pendant la prohibition, de nombreux musiciens viennent jouer ici\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9dit : Biblioth\u00e8que et Archives nationales du Qu\u00e9bec<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Fragilis\u00e9 par la grande d\u00e9pression, le quartier voit nombre de ses habitants perdre leurs emplois : en 1933, 80 % des membres de la paroisse sont au ch\u00f4mage. Les Afro-Am\u00e9ricains retournent aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Puis, dans les ann\u00e9es soixante, les autorit\u00e9s municipales engagent la construction de l\u2019autoroute Ville-Marie, qui empi\u00e8te sur \u00ab\u2009West-End\u2009\u00bb. Un programme de r\u00e9novation est \u00e9galement mis en place, qui marquera de nombreuses \u00e9victions des habitants. Ces derniers quittent pour la plupart le secteur, d\u00e9sormais baptis\u00e9 \u00ab\u2009Petite-Bourgogne\u2009\u00bb. \u00c0 propos de ces plans d\u2019am\u00e9nagements urbains, Steven High, professeur d\u2019histoire \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Concordia, \u00e9crira dans Le Devoir que \u00ab\u2009dans leur ensemble, ces projets ont des r\u00e9percussions consid\u00e9rables sur les Noirs montr\u00e9alais. Ce n\u2019est pas une co\u00efncidence. En effet, la restructuration radicale des villes nord-am\u00e9ricaines touche de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e les minorit\u00e9s raciales et les communaut\u00e9s blanches d\u00e9munies\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les ann\u00e9es soixante marquent aussi la lev\u00e9e d\u2019une loi discriminatoire, en 1967, qui restreignait l\u2019immigration des Noirs, instaur\u00e9e en 1910 au pr\u00e9texte d\u2019une inadaptation au climat du pays. La fin de telles pratiques annonce l\u2019arriv\u00e9e progressive de nouvelles vagues migratoires, venues notamment d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne. Un demi-si\u00e8cle plus tard, entre 2006 et 2016, 13 % des immigrants admis au Qu\u00e9bec sont originaires du sous-continent africain.<\/p>\n

Des industries qui courtisent les immigrants<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, de nombreuses industries implant\u00e9es en r\u00e9gion pr\u00e9sentent un fort besoin de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre. C\u2019est notamment le cas en Abitibi-T\u00e9miscamingue, \u00e0 Val-d\u2019Or, o\u00f9 les mines aurif\u00e8res attirent de plus en plus de nouveaux arrivants. D\u2019une cinquantaine de migrants en 2009, les communaut\u00e9s africaines y comptent aujourd\u2019hui pr\u00e8s de 500 personnes, venues du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, de Mauritanie, du Mali, de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et du Cameroun. \u00ab\u2009La plupart sont venus ici avec un dipl\u00f4me, et ont ensuite fait des \u00e9tudes compl\u00e9mentaires\u2009\u00bb, pr\u00e9cise Habib Sylla. Originaire de Mauritanie et install\u00e9 \u00e0 Val-d\u2019Or depuis 2009, \u00ab\u2009Habib-tibi\u2009\u00bb, comme le surnomme le maire de la ville, est devenu une des figures de l\u2019engagement associatif aupr\u00e8s des nouveaux arrivants. C\u2019est, selon lui, la facilit\u00e9 de l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019emploi qui explique cette forte augmentation. Il est vrai que les industries locales cherchent de plus en plus \u00e0 attirer de futurs employ\u00e9s pour des postes de mineurs, de chimistes, d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs notamment. Des op\u00e9rations s\u00e9duction sont organis\u00e9es jusque dans les universit\u00e9s : \u00ab\u2009Le Carrefour Jeunesse-Emploi organise des s\u00e9jours exploratoires. Ils vont voir des \u00e9tudiants finissants \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Ottawa, et leur font visiter des entreprises \u00e0 Val-d\u2019Or\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n

March\u00e9 Afritibi, Val-d’Or. Cr\u00e9dit : ICI Radio-Canada<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nomm\u00e9 au Prix de la rel\u00e8ve, qui r\u00e9compense les citoyens b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de l\u2019ann\u00e9e, Habib est l\u2019un des membres fondateurs du Comit\u00e9 afroculturel de Val-d\u2019Or. Initialement mis en place pour s\u2019adresser aux communaut\u00e9s africaines, le comit\u00e9 a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019ouvrir ses activit\u00e9s \u00e0 un large public l\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, pour favoriser les rencontres entre nouveaux citoyens et habitants \u00ab\u2009de souche\u2009\u00bb. L\u2019association organise des repas collectifs, et intervient comme support aupr\u00e8s des nouveaux arrivants, pour leur recherche de logement notamment. \u00ab\u2009Avant, beaucoup d\u2019habitants \u00e9vitaient de venir vers nous, par peur de g\u00eaner l\u2019autre. Mais avec ces activit\u00e9s, on a remarqu\u00e9 qu\u2019il y a beaucoup d\u2019\u00e9changes qui se font. Les communaut\u00e9s africaines que je connais \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, elles vivent entre eux. \u00c0 Val-d\u2019Or, on n\u2019a pas vraiment ce probl\u00e8me-l\u00e0.\u2009\u00bb<\/p>\n

Cinquante apr\u00e8s l\u2019abrogation d\u2019une loi d\u2019immigration s\u00e9gr\u00e9gationniste, l\u2019installation de communaut\u00e9s de migrants \u00e0 Val-d\u2019Or illustre bien le grand \u00e9cart qui s\u2019est jou\u00e9 dans un pays o\u00f9, d\u00e9sormais, les immigr\u00e9s sont courtis\u00e9s en r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Depuis l\u2019introduction de l\u2019esclavage en Nouvelle-France, la pr\u00e9sence des Noirs jalonne la construction du Qu\u00e9bec jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ses fondements.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3459,"featured_media":4994,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4993","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-actualites","8":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAux origines des communaut\u00e9s noires du Qu\u00e9bec - Immigrant Qu\u00e9bec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Depuis l\u2019introduction de l\u2019esclavage en 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