{"id":6965,"date":"2019-09-20T15:21:52","date_gmt":"2019-09-20T19:21:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/?p=6965"},"modified":"2023-04-15T09:12:50","modified_gmt":"2023-04-15T13:12:50","slug":"immigration-partage-responsabilites-quebec-canada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/fr\/conseils-d-experts\/immigration-partage-responsabilites-quebec-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"Immigration : comment le Qu\u00e9bec et le Canada se partagent-ils les responsabilit\u00e9s\u2009?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec a entam\u00e9 une profonde r\u00e9forme de son syst\u00e8me d\u2019immigration. Les nombreuses mesures et les annonces largement m\u00e9diatis\u00e9es de ces derniers mois posent une question simple : quelle est, exactement, l\u2019\u00e9tendue des pr\u00e9rogatives du Qu\u00e9bec, province canadienne, en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration\u2009?<\/em><\/p>\n

La province de Qu\u00e9bec jouit d\u2019un statut particulier par rapport aux autres provinces et territoires du Canada : elle partage avec le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral certaines responsabilit\u00e9s dans la gouvernance et les choix strat\u00e9giques et politiques en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 travers la r\u00e9forme de son syst\u00e8me d\u2019immigration, le gouvernement du Premier ministre qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois Fran\u00e7ois Legault entend mieux choisir et int\u00e9grer les personnes immigrantes, mais aussi prot\u00e9ger les valeurs qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises, \u00e0 commencer par sa langue officielle, le fran\u00e7ais. C\u2019est son particularisme historique et culturel qui a permis au Qu\u00e9bec d\u2019obtenir les responsabilit\u00e9s qu\u2019il poss\u00e8de aujourd\u2019hui dans le choix des personnes immigrantes qui d\u00e9sirent s\u2019installer sur son territoire.<\/p>\n

Le particularisme qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois<\/strong><\/h2>\n

M. Legault a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \u00ab\u2009le Qu\u00e9bec forme une nation distincte et libre de ses choix, surtout dans les domaines qui rel\u00e8vent de son existence\u2009\u00bb. Ce particularisme qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois a d\u00e9but\u00e9 d\u00e8s l\u2019Empire britannique. Vot\u00e9 en 1774, l\u2019Acte de Qu\u00e9bec garantissait des droits \u00e0 la province qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise qu\u2019aucune autre n\u2019aurait pu revendiquer, comme le libre exercice de la religion catholique et du droit civil. Ce statut est maintenu \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne. La Constitution partage les comp\u00e9tences en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration entre le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et les provinces.<\/p>\n

D\u00e8s 1960, les diff\u00e9rents gouvernements qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois signent des accords avec Ottawa pour accro\u00eetre leur participation \u00e0 la s\u00e9lection des immigr\u00e9s. \u00ab\u2009Au nom du caract\u00e8re national du Qu\u00e9bec, les gouvernements qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois ont toujours refus\u00e9 la politique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale du multiculturalisme d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par Pierre-Elliott Trudeau en 1971\u2009\u00bb, explique Micheline Labelle, professeure \u00e9m\u00e9rite de sociologie \u00e0 l\u2019UQAM.<\/p>\n

La province veut notamment attirer les francophones, par crainte que le fran\u00e7ais perde sa pr\u00e9dominance au Qu\u00e9bec. Ainsi, d\u00e8s 1975, l\u2019immigration ne cesse de cro\u00eetre et une grande partie vient des pays francophones (Ha\u00efti, France et Maghreb).<\/p>\n

Des responsabilit\u00e9s partag\u00e9es<\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u2019Accord Canada-Qu\u00e9bec de 1991<\/a> consacre les pr\u00e9rogatives qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration. Il donnera lieu au cadre l\u00e9gislatif provincial et f\u00e9d\u00e9ral actuel. Ainsi, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral est responsable de d\u00e9finir les cat\u00e9gories d\u2019immigration, d\u2019\u00e9tablir les volumes nationaux d\u2019immigration et de stipuler les exigences en mati\u00e8re d\u2019admissibilit\u00e9, comme le d\u00e9crit le rapport annuel au Parlement sur l\u2019immigration<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Le calcul du volume d\u2019immigrants doit prendre en compte les volont\u00e9s du Qu\u00e9bec. La province peut accueillir un nombre de personnes immigrantes proportionnel \u00e0 son poids d\u00e9mographique au Canada, soit 23 % de l’ensemble de l’immigration canadienne, plus 5 % additionnels maximum, si elle le juge utile. Ce chiffre de 23 %, pour m\u00e9moire, repr\u00e9sente un total de 63\u2009000 personnes que le Qu\u00e9bec aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 en droit d’accueillir en 2019, soit 23\u2009000 de plus que l\u2019objectif de 40\u2009000 fix\u00e9 par le gouvernement provincial pour la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u2009Si le Qu\u00e9bec d\u00e9cide d\u2019\u00eatre en dessous de cette part, c\u2019est sa responsabilit\u00e9\u2009\u00bb, explique Micheline Labelle. M\u00eame si elle n\u2019est pas s\u00fbre qu\u2019Ottawa puisse intervenir, la chercheuse pense que le Canada pourrait faire pression, sans n\u00e9cessairement avoir de pouvoir de d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n

Que signifie la formule \u00ab\u2009le Qu\u00e9bec choisit ses immigrants<\/em>\u2009\u00bb\u2009?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Souvent, on entend la formule suivante : le Qu\u00e9bec choisit ses immigrants. Cette assertion m\u00e9rite quelques explications.<\/p>\n

Sauf exception (voir tableau), le Qu\u00e9bec peut, en effet, s\u00e9lectionner les personnes immigrantes qui d\u00e9sirent s\u2019\u00e9tablir sur son sol. Cela inclut les personnes qui pr\u00e9sentent une demande de statut temporaire (travailleurs et \u00e9tudiants \u00e9trangers, ainsi que les visiteurs pour traitement m\u00e9dical), et celles qui d\u00e9sirent s\u2019y installer de fa\u00e7on permanente.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ainsi, une proc\u00e9dure d\u2019immigration au Canada dont l\u2019issue est l’installation temporaire ou d\u00e9finitive au Qu\u00e9bec n\u00e9cessite de suivre une proc\u00e9dure pr\u00e9alable sp\u00e9cifique aupr\u00e8s des autorit\u00e9s qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises. Cette proc\u00e9dure, de m\u00eame que les conditions et crit\u00e8res de s\u00e9lection des demandeurs sont du ressort du gouvernement de la province. Sans acceptation ou s\u00e9lection pr\u00e9alable par le Qu\u00e9bec, la personne immigrante ne peut pas pr\u00e9senter sa demande au f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, sinon au titre de l\u2019un des programmes d\u2019immigration au Canada hors Qu\u00e9bec, comme Entr\u00e9e express. C\u2019est en ce sens que le Qu\u00e9bec \u00ab\u2009choisit ses immigrants\u2009\u00bb. Mais, malgr\u00e9 cette r\u00e8gle de principe, ce n\u2019est pas toujours le cas.<\/p>\n

Pour commencer, certains programmes \u00e9chappent \u00e0 la juridiction du gouvernement qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois. C\u2019est notamment le cas du programme f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de l\u2019Exp\u00e9rience internationale Canada (EIC), dont fait notamment partie le fameux permis vacances-travail. Il en va de m\u00eame des cat\u00e9gories du regroupement familial ou encore des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, qui rel\u00e8vent aussi du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral. Enfin, les personnes immigrantes titulaires de la r\u00e9sidence permanente ont tout loisir de s\u2019installer au Qu\u00e9bec, aussi bien que dans n\u2019importe quelle province canadienne.<\/p>\n

Mais, plus important encore, si le Qu\u00e9bec s\u00e9lectionne ses immigrants, il n\u2019a pas le pouvoir de leur conf\u00e9rer un statut l\u00e9gal. En d’autres termes, \u00eatre accept\u00e9 ou s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 par le Qu\u00e9bec ne signifie pas qu’on a le droit de s’y installer.<\/p>\n

Limites de responsabilit\u00e9 du gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00ab\u2009Au final, c\u2019est le Canada qui d\u00e9termine la d\u00e9cision d\u2019immigration\u2009\u00bb, poursuit Micheline Labelle. L\u2019admission des personnes immigrantes est donc un processus men\u00e9 conjointement, selon des pr\u00e9rogatives partag\u00e9es entre le gouvernement du Canada et celui du Qu\u00e9bec, mais dont la validation revient au gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n

Si l\u2019obtention de son CAQ ou de son CSQ sont des \u00e9tapes n\u00e9cessaires dans un projet d\u2019immigration au Qu\u00e9bec, ces certificats n’ont pas valeur d’un permis de s\u00e9jour, d\u2019\u00e9tudes ou de travail. Le statut de leur titulaire doit \u00eatre ent\u00e9rin\u00e9 au f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, selon chaque demande, pour \u00eatre valide et permettre l\u2019entr\u00e9e sur le territoire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec a entam\u00e9 une profonde r\u00e9forme de son syst\u00e8me d\u2019immigration. Les nombreuses mesures et les annonces largement m\u00e9diatis\u00e9es de ces derniers mois posent une question simple : quelle est, exactement, l\u2019\u00e9tendue des pr\u00e9rogatives du Qu\u00e9bec, province canadienne, en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration\u2009? La province de Qu\u00e9bec jouit d\u2019un statut particulier par rapport aux autres […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3463,"featured_media":6966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-6965","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-conseils-d-experts","8":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nImmigration : comment le Qu\u00e9bec et le Canada se partagent-ils les responsabilit\u00e9s\u2009? - Immigrant Qu\u00e9bec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/fr\/conseils-d-experts\/immigration-partage-responsabilites-quebec-canada\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Immigration : comment le Qu\u00e9bec et le Canada se partagent-ils les responsabilit\u00e9s\u2009? - Immigrant Qu\u00e9bec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec a entam\u00e9 une profonde r\u00e9forme de son syst\u00e8me d\u2019immigration. Les nombreuses mesures et les annonces largement m\u00e9diatis\u00e9es de ces derniers mois posent une question simple : quelle est, exactement, l\u2019\u00e9tendue des pr\u00e9rogatives du Qu\u00e9bec, province canadienne, en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration\u2009? 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