{"id":9023,"date":"2022-01-26T14:30:03","date_gmt":"2022-01-26T18:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/?p=9023"},"modified":"2023-03-09T17:54:56","modified_gmt":"2023-03-09T21:54:56","slug":"place-et-particularite-du-quebec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/fr\/preparer\/comprendre-le-quebec\/l-histoire-du-quebec\/place-et-particularite-du-quebec\/","title":{"rendered":"Place et particularit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lors de son voyage au Canada en 1911, Stefan Zweig compare le sort des Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois \u00e0 celui des Am\u00e9rindiens, \u00ab\u2009spoli\u00e9s de leurs terres et d\u00e9pouill\u00e9s de leur culture\u2009\u00bb. En v\u00e9rit\u00e9, les Canadiens d\u2019origine fran\u00e7aise disposent bien des m\u00eames droits que les anglophones. Ils p\u00e2tissent en revanche de deux faiblesses\u00a0: le basculement d\u00e9mographique et le relatif \u00e9loignement du monde des affaires.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Une forte pouss\u00e9e migratoire au tournant du si\u00e8cle entra\u00eene une forte diversification des origines ethniques de la population canadienne, devenue une mosa\u00efque compos\u00e9e d\u2019une vingtaine de nationalit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes. Les anglophones \u2014 Anglais mais plus encore Irlandais, \u00c9cossais et Am\u00e9ricains \u2014 en repr\u00e9sentent pr\u00e8s des deux tiers, les francophones un peu moins de 25\u00a0%, les diverses populations immigr\u00e9es restantes moins de 10\u00a0% et les Premi\u00e8res Nations de l\u2019ordre de 2\u00a0%. Ce qui explique largement que les gouvernements se pr\u00e9occupent alors assez peu de ces derni\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ce qu\u2019on a appel\u00e9 au Qu\u00e9bec \u00ab\u2009la revanche des berceaux\u2009\u00bb, cette surnatalit\u00e9 encourag\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique et visant \u00e0 pond\u00e9rer le d\u00e9ficit migratoire, s\u2019essouffl\u00e9 peu \u00e0 peu, surtout apr\u00e8s la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre mondiale. Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne soutient n\u00e9anmoins la vitalit\u00e9 de la nation qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise en raison de son caract\u00e8re s\u00e9dentaire\u00a0: aussi importante en nombre que la population francophone, la population germanophone s\u2019est dispers\u00e9e sur toute l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord, ne cr\u00e9ant de souche nulle part.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a beaucoup dit, \u00e0 la suite de Max Weber (auteur en 1905 de <em>\u00c9thique protestante et esprit du capitalisme<\/em>) et d\u2019Alain Peyrefitte (auteur en 1976 du <em>Mal fran\u00e7ais<\/em>), que le protestantisme de la population anglophone r\u00e9pondait mieux aux exigences de l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019entreprise que la culture francophone. Tandis que la premi\u00e8re cr\u00e9e des banques et des usines investit les villes, assurant \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al puis \u00e0 Toronto un spectaculaire d\u00e9veloppement \u00ab\u2009\u00e0 l\u2019Am\u00e9ricaine\u2009\u00bb, la deuxi\u00e8me semble un peu \u00e0 la tra\u00eene, demeurant largement rurale et confin\u00e9e dans des m\u00e9tiers plus traditionnels, autour de l\u2019agriculture et de l\u2019artisanat. Chiffres significatifs\u00a0: parmi les cent premi\u00e8res fortunes r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es au Canada en 1930, deux seulement appartiennent \u00e0 des Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mais dans la deuxi\u00e8me moiti\u00e9 du XX<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle, le Canada d\u2019origine fran\u00e7aise manifeste l\u2019intention de rejeter cette fatalit\u00e9 et d\u2019afficher sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 se montrer aussi performant, sur tous les plans, que son pendant anglophone. Non sans mal au d\u00e9but. Ainsi l\u2019\u00e9poque dite de la \u00ab\u2009Grande Noirceur\u2009\u00bb, domin\u00e9e jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es\u00a01950 par un \u00e9troit conservatisme politique, par la chasse gard\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00c9glise sur l\u2019\u00e9ducation \u2014 dont celle des enfants autochtones dans les pensionnats \u2014 et les services sociaux, le Qu\u00e9bec prend, surtout au plan \u00e9conomique, du retard sur les provinces voisines. Puis la \u00ab\u2009R\u00e9volution tranquille\u2009\u00bb, et son slogan \u00ab\u2009ma\u00eetres chez nous\u2009\u00bb, marquent un effort de modernisation et de personnalisation de la province qui entend voir son autonomie renforc\u00e9e. De 1960 \u00e0 1966\u00a0sous l\u2019impulsion du gouvernement lib\u00e9ral de Jean Lesage, de nombreuses lois sont adopt\u00e9es, notamment en faveur d\u2019une meilleure protection sociale et d\u2019un syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif r\u00e9nov\u00e9. Plusieurs mouvements ind\u00e9pendantistes \u00e9mergent alors \u00e0 l\u2019air libre et l\u2019Union nationale de Daniel Johnson, qui vient de publier <em>\u00c9galit\u00e9 ou ind\u00e9pendance<\/em>, remporte les \u00e9lections du 5\u00a0juin 1967, six semaines avant la visite du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Gaulle et son fameux\u00a0\u00ab\u2009Vive le Qu\u00e9bec libre\u2009!\u2009\u00bb lanc\u00e9 du balcon de l\u2019h\u00f4tel de ville de Montr\u00e9al. Alors que le Premier ministre f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, Lester Pearson, attendait du chef de file du non-alignement, un\u00a0\u00ab\u2009Vive le Canada libre\u2009!\u2009\u00bb qui l\u2019aurait aid\u00e9 dans son refus de suivre la politique am\u00e9ricaine au Vietnam\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apr\u00e8s quoi, la pouss\u00e9e ind\u00e9pendantiste prend de l\u2019ampleur, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la victoire \u00e9lectorale du Parti qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois de Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque en 1976. Mais deux referendums successifs, en 1980 puis en 1995, montrent que la majorit\u00e9 des \u00e9lecteurs de la province est hostile \u00e0 son ind\u00e9pendance. Depuis lors, la question a perdu de son acuit\u00e9 et les gouvernements qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois s\u2019attachent plut\u00f4t, d\u2019une part \u00e0 consolider ou \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger l\u2019identit\u00e9 culturelle, notamment linguistique, de la province, d\u2019autre part \u00e0 favoriser son d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et social, qui accuse toujours un certain retard par rapport aux provinces voisines\u00a0: en 1950, le produit int\u00e9rieur brut par habitant du Qu\u00e9bec le pla\u00e7ait en cinqui\u00e8me position (sur dix provinces), il est aujourd\u2019hui au septi\u00e8me rang.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer sa comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, \u00e0 poursuivre et \u00e0 adapter une politique d\u2019immigration en phase avec ses besoins de d\u00e9veloppement, \u00e0 rationaliser son administration et \u00e0 rendre plus efficace ses services publics, notamment en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9 et de grandes infrastructures, d\u00e9pend largement l\u2019avenir du Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Texte :\u00a0Daniel de\u00a0Montplaisir, auteur de Histoire du Canada, biographie d\u2019une nation, Paris, Perrin, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En 1911, Stefan Zweig compare le sort des Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois \u00e0 celui des Am\u00e9rindiens, \u00ab\u2009spoli\u00e9s de leurs terres et d\u00e9pouill\u00e9s de leur culture\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3459,"featured_media":9024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[136],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-9023","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-l-histoire-du-quebec","8":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Place et particularit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec - Immigrant Qu\u00e9bec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En 1911, Stefan Zweig compare le sort des Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois \u00e0 celui des 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