{"id":9026,"date":"2022-01-26T14:31:32","date_gmt":"2022-01-26T18:31:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/?p=9026"},"modified":"2023-01-27T10:57:12","modified_gmt":"2023-01-27T14:57:12","slug":"premiers-peuples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/immigrantquebec.com\/fr\/preparer\/comprendre-le-quebec\/l-histoire-du-quebec\/premiers-peuples\/","title":{"rendered":"Les premiers habitants du Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faute d\u2019avoir pratiqu\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9criture, nous ne savons que tr\u00e8s peu de choses des premi\u00e8res populations du Canada. En l\u2019absence de constructions en dur, l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie n\u2019apporte que de rares \u00e9l\u00e9ments. Seules l\u2019anthropologie et l\u2019ethnologie, fond\u00e9es \u00e0 la fois sur la tradition orale (mais si fragile), sur la transmission de rites culturels et religieux, enfin sur les t\u00e9moignages historiques des Europ\u00e9ens, nous sont de quelque secours, toutefois impr\u00e9cis et fragmentaires.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selon l\u2019approche linguistique longtemps dominante, une soixantaine d\u2019idiomes am\u00e9rindiens, d\u00e9clinables en environ mille trois cents dialectes, ont pu \u00eatre identifi\u00e9s au Canada et regroup\u00e9s en douze familles, parmi lesquelles pr\u00e9domine l\u2019algonquin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En combinant les diff\u00e9rents crit\u00e8res, territoriaux, relatifs aux moyens de subsistance, et tenant compte des organisations \u00e9conomiques et sociales en d\u00e9coulant, il est apparu, \u00e0 la veille de l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des premiers Europ\u00e9ens, que l\u2019on pouvait distinguer trois grandes familles d\u2019Am\u00e9rindiens\u00a0: les p\u00eacheurs, vivant aux abords des lacs et des fleuves, les chasseurs s\u00e9dentaris\u00e9s dans les for\u00eats, les nomades se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant dans les vastes prairies du centre et du Sud.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les chasseurs de l\u2019Arctique et de l\u2019actuel nord du Qu\u00e9bec jusqu\u2019au territoire du Nunavut, probablement originaires de Sib\u00e9rie, furent longtemps appel\u00e9s \u00ab\u2009Esquimaux\u2009\u00bb, ce qui signifierait \u00ab\u2009mangeurs de viande crue\u2009\u00bb, un terme jug\u00e9 plus tard offensant et remplac\u00e9, en 1970, par celui d\u2019\u00ab\u2009Inuits\u2009\u00bb selon une d\u00e9cision du gouvernement canadien.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trois de leurs inventions ont rendu fameuse leur civilisation\u00a0: le kayak, l\u2019anorak et l\u2019igloo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plus au sud, les chasseurs de la for\u00eat bor\u00e9ale b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de conditions climatiques moins d\u00e9favorables et, partant, d\u2019un plus grand nombre de ressources naturelles. Ce qui favorise l\u2019\u00e9closion d\u2019une civilisation plus \u00e9labor\u00e9e, aussi bien sur le plan \u00e9conomique, avec la confection d\u2019outils perfectionn\u00e9s, la fabrication de poteries, la construction de maisons en bois et, sur le plan culturel, avec la pratique de rites festifs, comm\u00e9moratifs et religieux relativement perfectionn\u00e9s. L\u2019identification de leurs dialectes fait ressortir deux grandes familles linguistiques\u00a0: l\u2019athapascan, au nord-ouest, et l\u2019algonquien, \u00e0 l\u2019est et au sud, principalement dans la vall\u00e9e du Saint-Laurent. Ce dernier se d\u00e9cline en une vingtaine de langues vernaculaires utilis\u00e9es par plusieurs peuples, principalement les Cris, les Micmacs, les Montagnais, les Innus (\u00e0 ne pas confondre avec les Inuits), les B\u00e9othuks et les Algonquins (sans le <em>e<\/em>). On estime que chacun de ces peuples comprenait entre cent et quatre cents tribus, comptant d\u2019une trentaine \u00e0 deux ou trois centaines de personnes. Ce qui rend tr\u00e8s approximative toute tentative de chiffrage global.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dans la vall\u00e9e du Saint-Laurent et aux abords des lacs du Sud vivent les \u00ab\u2009agriculteurs du sud\u2009\u00bb, de langue iroquoienne. Chasseurs s\u00e9dentaris\u00e9s, ils tirent de l\u2019agriculture jusqu\u2019\u00e0 75\u00a0% de leur alimentation, cultivant le ma\u00efs, le haricot, la courge, le tournesol\u2026 Ils r\u00e9sident dans des villages plac\u00e9s au milieu des champs, pouvant compter jusqu\u2019\u00e0 deux mille habitants, compos\u00e9s de \u00ab\u2009maisons longues\u2009\u00bb atteignant trente m\u00e8tres sur dix et rassemblant plusieurs familles.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les tribus se regroupent en\u00a0\u00ab<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nations<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00bb \u2014 ce qui donnera au gouvernement canadien l\u2019id\u00e9e de lancer, en 1970, les termes de \u00ab<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00bb \u2014 dont les cinq principales forment la \u00ab<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration iroquoise<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00bb qui agr\u00e8ge les Tsonnontouans, les Goyogouins, les Onneiouts, les Onontagu\u00e9s et les Agniers. Hors d\u2019elle, certaines nations demeurent\u00a0ind\u00e9pendantes, notamment celles des Hurons, des \u00c9ri\u00e9s et des \u00ab<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neutres<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2009<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00bb. Les conseils de tribus r\u00e8glent les diff\u00e9rends, qui sont nombreux, entre villages et, au niveau de la nation ou de la conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration, coordonnent la guerre et le commerce, la premi\u00e8re intervenant le plus souvent comme d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 du second\u2026 Un syst\u00e8me relativement stable, fonctionnant probablement depuis plusieurs si\u00e8cles lors de l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des Europ\u00e9ens, d\u2019abord des Fran\u00e7ais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Texte :\u00a0Daniel de\u00a0Montplaisir, auteur de Histoire du Canada, biographie d\u2019une nation, Paris, Perrin, 2019.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En l\u2019absence de constructions en dur, l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie n\u2019apporte que de rares \u00e9l\u00e9ments. Seules l\u2019anthropologie et l\u2019ethnologie nous sont de quelque secours, toutefois impr\u00e9cis et fragmentaires.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3459,"featured_media":9165,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[136],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-9026","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-l-histoire-du-quebec","8":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les premiers habitants du Canada - Immigrant Qu\u00e9bec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En l\u2019absence de constructions en dur, l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie n\u2019apporte que de rares \u00e9l\u00e9ments. 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